Functional Group

Hauv chemistry, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov organic chemistry, ib pab pawg ua haujlwm yog ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv ib lub molecule uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau molecule tus yam ntxwv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Xav tias nws yog "qhov chaw nquag" lossis "kev coj tus cwj pwm" ntawm cov organic molecule. Txawm hais tias qhov loj me lossis cov duab ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov molecule yog dab tsi, cov pab pawg ua haujlwm coj tus cwj pwm zoo hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Vim li cas cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb?

Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm txiav txim siab txog cov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Chemists siv lawv los faib cov organic molecules thiab kwv yees seb lawv yuav ua li cas. Piv txwv li, cawv, acids, esters, thiab ketones txhua tus muaj cov pab pawg ua haujlwm sib txawv, thiab txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv molecule, koj tuaj yeem:

● Txiav txim seb nws yuav coj li cas hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
● To taub nws solubility (txawm nws dissolves nyob rau hauv dej los yog tsis).
● Txiav txim seb nws puas yog acidic lossis yooj yim.
● Kwv yees nws qhov kub thiab txias.

Piv txwv ntawm Cov Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Zoo

Cia peb mus dhau qee cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tshaj plaws hauv cov organic chemistry:

1. Hydroxyl Group (-OH)

● Pom muaj nyob rau hauv cawv.
● Ua cov molecules polar thiab muaj peev xwm tsim cov hydrogen bonds.
● Piv txwv: Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Carbonyl pawg (C = O)

● Pom muaj nyob rau hauv ketones thiab aldehydes.
● Cov pa roj carbon ob npaug rau cov pa atom.
● Piv txwv:
Ketone: Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
Aldehyde: Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

● Pom muaj nyob rau hauv carboxylic acids.
● Ua kom cov molecule acidic.
● Piv txwv: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), cov kua qaub tseem ceeb hauv vinegar.

4. Amino Group (-NH₂)

● Pom muaj nyob rau hauv amines thiab amino acids.
● tuaj yeem ua lub hauv paus thiab txais cov protons.
● Piv txwv: Glycine, ib qho amino acid.

5. Ester Group (-COO-)

● Pom muaj nyob rau hauv esters.
● Feem ntau muab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo rau lawv cov ntxhiab tsw qab.
● Tsim los ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cawv.
● Piv txwv: Ethyl acetate (siv hauv cov ntsia thawv polish tshem tawm).

6. Ether Group (ROR)

● Oxygen atom txuas nrog ob pawg carbon.
● Feem ntau hauv cov kuab tshuaj.
● Piv txwv: Diethyl ether.

7. Halide Group (CX)

● Qhov twg X = ib halogen zoo li F, Cl, Br, los yog kuv.
● Pom muaj nyob rau hauv alkyl halides.
● Siv hauv cov tub yees thiab cov nplaim hluav taws.

8. Sulfhydryl pawg (-SH)

● Pom muaj nyob rau hauv thiols.
● Zoo ib yam li hydroxyl tab sis muaj leej faj.
● Tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv protein (disulfide bonds).

Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm

Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib pab pawg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv cov molecule feem ntau txiav txim siab seb qhov molecule yuav ua li cas. Piv txwv li:

● Alcohols (-OH) tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev qhuav dej los ua alkenes.
● Carboxylic acids (-COOH) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cawv los ua esters.
● Amines (-NH₂) tuaj yeem ua lub hauv paus thiab txais cov hydrogen ions.

Qhov kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo li no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, kev tsim tshuaj, thiab cov khoom siv science.

Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Biological Molecules

Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm kuj tseem ceeb rau lub neej. Hauv biochemistry, cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, thiab cov rog nyob ntawm cov pab pawg ua haujlwm uas lawv muaj.

● Cov protein muaj cov amino (-NH₂) thiab carboxyl (-COOH) pawg.
● Carbohydrates feem ntau muaj hydroxyl (-OH) thiab carbonyl (C = O) pawg.
● DNA thiab RNA muaj phosphate pawg (-PO₄) thiab cov hauv paus muaj nitrogen.

Cov pab pawg no tso cai rau cov molecules lom neeg sib cuam tshuam, tsim hydrogen bonds, hloov lub zog, thiab lwm yam.

Yuav Ua Li Cas Chemists Siv Pawg Ua Haujlwm

Cov kws kho mob feem ntau siv cov cim kev ua haujlwm thaum kos duab lossis npe cov molecules. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, lawv tuaj yeem xa mus rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm pawg neeg koom nrog. Piv txwv li:

● "Cawv oxidation" yog hais txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj -OH pawg.
● "Nucleophilic hloov pauv" feem ntau suav nrog cov pab pawg ua haujlwm halide.

Lawv kuj siv cov kev tshawb fawb pab pawg los txheeb xyuas cov tsis paub sib txuas siv txoj hauv kev xws li infrared (IR) spectroscopy thiab nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), txij li txhua pab pawg absorbs lub zog hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb.

Cov ntsiab lus

Ib pab pawg ua haujlwm yog ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov atoms hauv cov molecule uas muab cov molecule nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm. Lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov organic chemistry, muab txoj hauv kev los faib thiab kwv yees tus cwj pwm ntawm cov molecules nyuaj. Los ntawm cov cawv yooj yim mus rau cov DNA complex, pab pawg ua haujlwm pab txhais cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Nkag siab lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev paub txog chemistry, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw xws li kws tshuaj, biology, thiab kev lag luam chemistry.