Thaum muaj kev txaus siab rau cov UV LED tshiab thiab Dual-Cure UV inks, cov tuam txhab tsim cov inks uas kho tau hluav taws xob zoo siab txog yav tom ntej ntawm cov thev naus laus zis.
Kev ua lag luam kho tau hluav taws xob - ultraviolet (UV), UV LED thiab electron beam (EB curing)- tau yog ib lub lag luam muaj zog tau ntev lawm, vim tias kev ua tau zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig tau tsav kev loj hlob ntawm kev muag khoom hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.
Txawm hais tias thev naus laus zis kho kom muaj zog siv rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam, cov kua mem thiab cov duab kos duab yog ib qho ntawm cov ntu loj tshaj plaws.
"Txij li thaum ntim khoom mus rau cov paib, cov ntawv lo, thiab kev luam ntawv lag luam, cov kua xim UV kho tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo, zoo, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm ib puag ncig,"hais tias Jayashri Bhadane, Transparency Market Research IncBhadane kwv yees tias kev ua lag luam yuav muag tau $ 4.9 billion thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2031, ntawm CAGR ntawm 9.2% txhua xyoo.
Cov tuam txhab tsim cov kua mem uas kho tau lub zog kuj muaj kev cia siab zoo ib yam. Derrick Hemmings, tus thawj tswj khoom, screen, energy curable flexo, LED North America,Tshuaj lom neeg Sun, tau hais tias thaum lub zog kho tau txuas ntxiv mus, qee cov thev naus laus zis uas twb muaj lawm tau siv tsawg dua, xws li UV ib txwm muaj thiab cov ntawv sau ua ntawv ib txwm muaj hauv cov ntawv thov offset.
Hideyuki Hinataya, GM ntawm Overseas Ink Sales Division rauT&K Toka, uas yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub zog kho tau number case, tau sau tseg tias kev muag khoom ntawm lub zog-curing number cases nce ntxiv piv rau cov roj-raws li ib txwm muaj.
Zeller+Gmelin kuj yog ib tus kws tshwj xeeb kho tau lub zog; Tim Smith ntawmZeller+Gmelin'sPawg Neeg Tswj Xyuas Khoom tau hais tias vim lawv cov txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab kev ua tau zoo, kev lag luam luam ntawv tau siv cov kua mem uas kho tau lub zog ntau zuj zus, xws li UV thiab LED thev naus laus zis.
"Cov kua mem no tso tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tsis muaj zog (VOCs) tsawg dua li cov kua mem uas yaj tau, ua raws li cov cai ib puag ncig thiab cov hom phiaj ruaj khov," Smith tau taw qhia. "Lawv muab kev kho tam sim ntawd thiab txo kev siv hluav taws xob, yog li ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua."
"Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov kev nplaum zoo, kev ruaj khov, thiab kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg ua rau lawv haum rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog CPG ntim khoom thiab daim ntawv lo," Smith ntxiv. "Txawm hais tias cov nqi pib siab dua, kev ua haujlwm zoo mus sij hawm ntev thiab kev txhim kho zoo uas lawv coj los ua pov thawj rau kev nqis peev. Zeller + Gmelin tau txais tos qhov sib txawv no rau cov kua nplaum kho hluav taws xob uas qhia txog kev cog lus ntawm kev lag luam rau kev tsim kho tshiab, kev ruaj khov, thiab ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov koom haum tswj hwm."
Anna Niewiadomska, tus thawj tswj hwm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb rau lub vev xaib nqaim,Pawg Flint, tau hais tias qhov kev txaus siab thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm cov kua mem uas siv tau hluav taws xob tau ua tiav zoo heev hauv 20 xyoo dhau los, ua rau nws yog cov txheej txheem luam ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam nqaim.
"Cov tsav tsheb rau kev loj hlob no suav nrog kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm kev luam ntawv thiab cov yam ntxwv, kev tsim khoom ntau dua, thiab txo qis zog thiab pov tseg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog qhov pib ntawm UV LED," Niewiadomska tau hais. "Ntxiv mus, cov kua mem uas kho tau lub zog tuaj yeem ua tau raws li - thiab feem ntau dhau - qhov zoo ntawm letterpress thiab offset thiab xa cov yam ntxwv luam ntawv zoo dua ntawm ntau yam substrates dua li cov flexo uas siv dej."
Niewiadomska ntxiv tias thaum tus nqi zog nce ntxiv thiab kev thov kom muaj kev ruaj khov txuas ntxiv mus rau theem tseem ceeb, kev siv UV LED thiab cov kua mem ob chav kho tau zoo tab tom loj hlob tuaj,
"Qhov nthuav yog, peb pom tias muaj kev txaus siab ntxiv tsis yog los ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv hauv web nqaim xwb tab sis kuj los ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv flexo dav thiab nruab nrab uas tab tom nrhiav kev txuag nyiaj ntawm lub zog thiab txo lawv cov pa roj carbon," Niewiadomska hais ntxiv.
"Peb tseem pom kev txaus siab rau kev ua lag luam hauv kev siv zog kho cov kua mem thiab cov txheej txheem thoob plaws ntau yam kev siv thiab cov khoom siv," Bret Lessard, tus thawj tswj kab khoom rauINX International Ink Co., tau tshaj tawm. "Qhov ceev ntawm kev tsim khoom sai dua thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig uas cov kua mem no muab tau yog sib haum nrog peb cov neeg siv khoom lub hom phiaj."
Fabian Köhn, tus thawj coj thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev tswj hwm cov khoom lag luam hauv web nqaim ntawmSiegwerk, tau hais tias thaum kev muag khoom ntawm cov kua nplaum kho hluav taws xob hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tebchaws Europe tam sim no tsis hloov pauv, Siegwerk pom kev lag luam muaj zog heev nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm UV hauv Asia.
"Cov tshuab luam ntawv flexo tshiab tam sim no feem ntau muaj teeb LED, thiab hauv kev luam ntawv offset ntau tus neeg siv khoom twb tau nqis peev rau UV lossis LED curing vim yog qhov ua tau zoo dua piv rau cov tshuab luam ntawv offset ib txwm muaj," Köhn tau hais.
Kev Sawv Cev ntawm UV LED
Muaj peb lub thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb hauv qab lub kaus uas kho tau hluav taws xob. UV thiab UV LED yog qhov loj tshaj plaws, nrog EB me dua. Qhov kev sib tw nthuav yog ntawm UV thiab UV LED, uas yog qhov tshiab dua thiab loj hlob sai dua.
"Muaj kev cog lus loj hlob los ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv kom siv UV LED rau cov khoom siv tshiab thiab cov khoom siv kho dua tshiab," Jonathan Graunke, VP ntawm UV / EB thev naus laus zis thiab tus pab cuam R & D tus thawj coj rau INX International Ink Co. hais. "Kev siv UV kawg ntawm kev nias tseem muaj ntau heev los sib npaug cov nqi / kev ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov txheej txheem."
Köhn tau taw qhia tias zoo li xyoo dhau los, UV LED tab tom loj hlob sai dua li UV ib txwm muaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe, qhov twg cov nqi hluav taws xob siab ua lub luag haujlwm rau cov thev naus laus zis LED.
"Ntawm no, cov tshuab luam ntawv feem ntau nqis peev rau hauv cov thev naus laus zis LED los hloov cov teeb UV qub lossis txawm tias tag nrho cov tshuab luam ntawv," Köhn ntxiv. "Txawm li cas los xij, peb kuj pom muaj zog txuas ntxiv mus rau kev kho LED hauv kev lag luam xws li Is Nrias teb, Sab Hnub Tuaj Asia thiab Latin America, thaum Tuam Tshoj thiab Tebchaws Meskas twb qhia txog kev nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam siab ntawm LED."
Hinataya hais tias UV LED luam ntawv tau pom kev loj hlob ntau dua. "Cov laj thawj rau qhov no tau kwv yees tias yog tus nqi hluav taws xob nce siab thiab hloov ntawm cov teeb mercury mus rau LED teeb," Hinataya ntxiv.
Jonathan Harkins ntawm Zeller + Gmelin's Product Management Team tau tshaj tawm tias UV LED thev naus laus zis tau dhau qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev kho UV ib txwm muaj hauv kev lag luam luam ntawv.
"Kev loj hlob no yog tsav los ntawm UV LED qhov zoo, suav nrog kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua, lub neej ntev dua ntawm LEDs, txo cov cua sov tso tawm, thiab lub peev xwm los kho ntau yam khoom siv ntau yam yam tsis ua rau cov khoom siv kub-rhiab," Harkins ntxiv.
"Cov txiaj ntsig no sib haum nrog kev lag luam txoj kev tsom mus rau kev ruaj khov thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo," Harkins hais. "Yog li ntawd, cov tshuab luam ntawv nqis peev ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom siv uas siv cov thev naus laus zis LED curing. Qhov kev hloov pauv no pom tseeb hauv kev lag luam kev siv UV LED systems sai sai thoob plaws ntau lub khw luam ntawv ntawm Zeller + Gmelin, suav nrog flexographic, qhuav offset, thiab litho-printing technologies. Qhov sib txawv no qhia txog kev txav mus los ntawm kev lag luam dav dua mus rau kev daws teeb meem luam ntawv uas zoo rau ib puag ncig thiab pheej yig dua, nrog rau UV LED technology nyob rau pem hauv ntej."
Hemmings tau hais tias UV LED txuas ntxiv mus loj hlob zoo thaum lub khw hloov pauv kom tau raws li qhov xav tau kev ruaj khov ntau dua.
"Kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua, tus nqi kho qis dua, muaj peev xwm siv cov khoom siv sib dua, thiab muaj peev xwm khiav cov khoom siv uas kub-sensitive yog cov tsav tsheb tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv UV LED number case," Hemmings tau sau tseg. "Ob leeg cov neeg hloov pauv thiab cov tswv lag luam tab tom thov ntau cov kev daws teeb meem UV LED, thiab feem ntau cov chaw tsim khoom siv xovxwm tam sim no tsim cov xovxwm uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus rau UV LED yooj yim kom tau raws li qhov xav tau."
Niewiadomska tau hais tias UV LED kho tau loj hlob ntau heev hauv peb xyoos dhau los vim muaj ntau yam, suav nrog cov nqi zog nce ntxiv, kev thov kom txo cov pa roj carbon dioxide, thiab txo cov khib nyiab.
"Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, peb pom ntau yam UV LED teeb pom kev zoo dua hauv kev ua lag luam, muab cov tshuab luam ntawv thiab cov hloov pauv nrog ntau yam kev xaiv teeb pom kev zoo," Niewiadomska tau sau tseg. "Cov hloov pauv web nqaim thoob ntiaj teb pom tias UV LED yog ib qho thev naus laus zis uas tau ua pov thawj thiab siv tau thiab nkag siab txog cov txiaj ntsig tag nrho uas UV LED coj los - tus nqi qis dua rau kev luam ntawv, pov tseg tsawg dua, tsis muaj ozone tsim, xoom siv Hg teeb pom kev zoo, thiab kev tsim khoom ntau dua. Qhov tseem ceeb, feem ntau cov hloov pauv web nqaim uas nqis peev rau hauv cov tshuab UV flexo tshiab tuaj yeem mus nrog UV LED lossis rau lub teeb uas tuaj yeem hloov kho sai thiab pheej yig rau UV LED raws li qhov xav tau."
Cov kua nplaum kho ob npaug
Muaj kev txaus siab ntxiv rau kev siv tshuab dual-cure lossis hybrid UV, cov kua mem uas tuaj yeem kho tau los ntawm kev siv lub teeb pom kev zoo ib txwm muaj lossis UV LED.
"Nws yog qhov paub zoo," Graunke hais tias, "feem ntau cov kua mem uas kho nrog LED kuj yuav kho nrog UV thiab cov kab ke UV (H-UV) ntxiv."
Siegwerk's Köhn tau hais tias feem ntau, cov kua mem uas tuaj yeem kho tau nrog cov teeb LED kuj tuaj yeem kho tau nrog cov teeb Hg arc txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi ntawm cov kua mem LED yog siab dua li tus nqi ntawm cov kua mem UV.
"Vim li no, tseem muaj cov UV inks tshwj xeeb hauv khw," Köhn ntxiv. "Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj xav muab lub kaw lus kho ob npaug tiag tiag, koj yuav tsum xaiv cov mis uas sib npaug tus nqi thiab kev ua tau zoo.
"Peb lub tuam txhab twb pib muab cov kua mem uas kho tau ob npaug li rau txog xya xyoo ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub npe lag luam 'UV CORE'," Hinataya hais. "Kev xaiv cov photoinitiator yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kua mem uas kho tau ob npaug. Peb tuaj yeem xaiv cov khoom siv raw zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsim cov kua mem uas haum rau kev ua lag luam."
Erik Jacob ntawm Zeller+Gmelin Pawg Neeg Tswj Xyuas Khoom tau hais tias muaj kev txaus siab rau cov kua mem uas kho tau ob npaug. Qhov kev txaus siab no yog los ntawm qhov yooj ywm thiab kev siv tau ntau yam uas cov kua mem no muab rau cov tshuab luam ntawv.
"Cov kua xim ob txheej ua rau cov tshuab luam ntawv siv tau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho LED, xws li kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab txo qhov kub, thaum tseem sib haum nrog cov tshuab kho UV uas twb muaj lawm," Jacob hais. "Qhov kev sib haum xeeb no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tshuab luam ntawv uas hloov mus rau cov thev naus laus zis LED maj mam lossis cov uas siv cov khoom siv qub thiab tshiab."
Jacob ntxiv tias yog li ntawd, Zeller+Gmelin thiab lwm lub tuam txhab kua mem tab tom tsim cov kua mem uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau raws li ob qho tib si txoj kev kho kom zoo yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo lossis kev ruaj khov, ua kom tau raws li kev xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam rau cov kev daws teeb meem luam ntawv uas hloov tau yooj yim thiab ruaj khov dua.
"Qhov sib txawv no qhia txog kev siv zog ntawm kev lag luam los tsim kho tshiab thiab muab cov tshuab luam ntawv nrog ntau yam kev xaiv uas ua tau ntau yam thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig," Jacob hais.
"Cov hloov pauv hloov mus rau LED curing xav tau cov kua mem uas tuaj yeem kho tau ob qho tib si ib txwm thiab los ntawm LED, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev siv tshuab, vim, hauv peb qhov kev paub, txhua cov kua mem LED kho tau zoo hauv qab lub teeb mercury," Hemmings hais. "Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kua mem LED no ua rau cov neeg siv khoom hloov pauv tau yooj yim los ntawm UV ib txwm mus rau LED inks."
Niewiadomska tau hais tias Flint Group pom tias muaj kev txaus siab rau thev naus laus zis kho ob npaug.
"Lub tshuab Dual Cure ua rau cov neeg hloov pauv siv tib lub cwj mem rau ntawm lawv lub tshuab UV LED thiab lub tshuab UV curing ib txwm muaj, uas txo cov khoom muag thiab qhov nyuaj," Niewiadomska ntxiv. "Flint Group yog tus ua ntej ntawm cov thev naus laus zis UV LED curing, suav nrog cov thev naus laus zis dual cure. Lub tuam txhab tau ua thawj coj hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj UV LED thiab Dual Cure inks rau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo, ntev ua ntej cov thev naus laus zis ua rau nws nkag tau yooj yim thiab siv dav li niaj hnub no."
Kev Tshem Tawm Cov Xim Thiab Kev Siv Dua Tshiab
Nrog rau kev txaus siab rau kev ruaj khov, cov tuam txhab tsim kua mem tau daws cov kev txhawj xeeb txog UV thiab EB inks hais txog kev tshem tawm thiab rov ua dua tshiab.
"Muaj qee yam tab sis feem ntau lawv tsawg heev," Graunke hais. "Peb paub tias cov khoom UV / EB tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv.
"Piv txwv li, INX tau qhab nia 99/100 nrog INGEDE rau kev tshem tawm cov ntawv," Graunke tau hais. "Radtech Europe tau cog lus rau kev tshawb fawb FOGRA uas txiav txim siab tias cov kua mem UV offset tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov ntawv ntawm daim ntawv. Lub substrate ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab ntawm daim ntawv, yog li yuav tsum tau ceev faj thaum ua cov ntawv thov rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj.
"INX muaj cov kev daws teeb meem rau kev siv cov yas rov ua dua tshiab qhov twg cov kua mem tau tsim los kom nyob twj ywm rau ntawm lub substrate," ntxiv Graunke. "Txoj kev no, cov ntawv luam tawm tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm lub cev yas tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm rov ua dua tshiab yam tsis muaj kuab paug rau cov tshuaj ntxuav caustic. Peb kuj muaj cov kev daws teeb meem de-inkable uas tso cai rau cov yas luam tawm los ua ib feem ntawm cov dej rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov kua mem. Qhov no yog ib txwm muaj rau cov yeeb yaj kiab ntsws kom rov qab tau cov yas PET."
Köhn tau sau tseg tias rau cov ntawv thov yas, muaj kev txhawj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov neeg rov ua dua tshiab, txog qhov ua tau ntawm cov dej ntxuav thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab.
"Kev lag luam twb tau pib ntau qhov project los ua pov thawj tias kev tshem tawm cov number case UV tuaj yeem tswj tau zoo thiab tias qhov kawg rov ua dua tshiab thiab dej ntxuav tsis muaj kuab paug los ntawm cov khoom number case," Köhn tau hais.
"Txog cov dej ntxuav, kev siv cov kua xim UV txawm muaj qee qhov zoo dua li lwm cov thev naus laus zis kua xim," Köhn ntxiv. "Piv txwv li, cov zaj duab xis kho tau cais tawm hauv cov khoom loj dua, uas tuaj yeem lim tawm ntawm cov dej ntxuav tau yooj yim dua.
Köhn tau taw qhia tias thaum nws los txog rau daim ntawv thov, kev tshem tawm cov number case thiab kev siv rov qab twb yog ib qho txheej txheem uas tau tsim tsa lawm.
"Twb muaj cov tshuab UV offset uas tau txais ntawv pov thawj los ntawm INGEDE tias yooj yim tshem tawm cov kua mem ntawm daim ntawv, yog li cov tshuab luam ntawv tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov thev naus laus zis UV yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev siv rov qab," Köhn hais.
Hinataya tau tshaj tawm tias kev txhim kho tau zoo zuj zus hais txog kev tshem tawm cov number case thiab kev siv rov qab tau ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm.
"Rau daim ntawv, kev faib cov kua mem uas ua tau raws li cov qauv INGEDE de-inking tab tom nce ntxiv, thiab kev de-inking tau dhau los ua qhov ua tau, tab sis qhov nyuaj yog tsim cov hauv paus los txhim kho kev siv cov peev txheej dua tshiab," Hinataya ntxiv.
"Qee cov kua xim uas siv tau hluav taws xob yuav tshem tawm cov kua xim zoo, yog li ntawd thiaj li ua rau kev siv rov qab tau zoo dua," Hemmings hais. "Kev siv kawg thiab hom substrate yog cov yam tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm rov qab tau zoo. Sun Chemical's SolarWave CRCL UV-LED kua xim uas siv tau tau raws li Association of Plastic Recyclers' (APR) cov kev cai rau kev ntxuav thiab khaws cia thiab tsis tas yuav siv cov primers."
Niewiadomska tau hais tias Flint Group tau tsim nws cov Evolution ntau yam ntawm cov primers thiab varnishes los daws qhov xav tau rau kev lag luam ncig hauv kev ntim khoom.
"Evolution Deinking Primer ua rau cov ntaub ntawv tes tsho tshem tawm thaum ntxuav, ua kom cov ntawv lo shrink sleeve tuaj yeem rov ua dua nrog lub raj mis, ua rau cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab ntau dua thiab txo lub sijhawm thiab cov nqi cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tshem tawm daim ntawv lo," Niewiadomska hais.
"Cov xim pleev Evolution Varnish siv rau cov ntawv lo tom qab luam tawm cov xim, tiv thaiv cov kua mem los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev los ntshav thiab kev sib txhuam thaum nyob ntawm lub txee, tom qab ntawd mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab," nws hais ntxiv. "Cov xim pleev no ua kom cov ntawv lo sib cais huv si ntawm nws cov ntim khoom, ua rau cov khoom ntim khoom siv tau rov ua dua tshiab rau hauv cov khoom zoo, muaj nqis heev. Cov xim pleev no tsis cuam tshuam rau xim kua mem, qhov zoo ntawm daim duab lossis kev nyeem cov lej.
"Cov khoom Evolution daws cov teeb meem rov ua dua tshiab ncaj qha thiab, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ruaj ntseg yav tom ntej rau kev ntim khoom," Niewiadomska xaus lus. "Evolution Varnish thiab Deinking Primer ua rau txhua yam khoom uas lawv siv yuav mus ncig thoob plaws hauv cov saw hlau rov ua dua tshiab."
Harkins tau pom tias txawm tias muaj kev sib cuag tsis ncaj qha los xij, tseem muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev siv cov UV inks nrog rau cov khoom noj thiab dej haus ntim nrog rau lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog nyob ib puag ncig qhov muaj peev xwm tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov photoinitiators thiab lwm yam khoom los ntawm cov inks mus rau hauv cov khoom noj lossis dej haus, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev noj qab haus huv.
"Kev tshem tawm cov number case yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tshuab luam ntawv nrog rau kev tsom mus rau ib puag ncig," Harkins ntxiv. "Zeller + Gmelin tau tsim ib txoj kev siv tshuab tshiab uas yuav ua rau cov number case kho tau zoo hauv cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab, ua rau cov yas huv dua tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab rau cov khoom siv rau cov neeg siv khoom. Cov thev naus laus zis no hu ua EarthPrint."
Harkins tau hais tias hais txog kev siv rov qab, qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv qhov sib xws ntawm cov kua mem nrog cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab, vim tias qee cov kua mem UV tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev siv rov qab ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov yas los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab.
"Txhawm rau daws cov kev txhawj xeeb no, Zeller + Gmelin tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov kua mem uas muaj cov yam ntxwv qis dua los txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab, thiab ua raws li cov cai kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg siv khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm ib puag ncig," Harkins tau hais.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Rau Hli-27-2024
